This statement was made by Ms. Linda Al Obahi, Senior Political Affairs and Mediation Advisor at Peace Track Initiative, at the United Nations Security Council Meeting on Yemen on 12 September.
President, Excellencies,
Thank you for the opportunity to brief you today. My name is Linda Al Obahi. I am a Senior Political Affairs and Mediation Adviser, representing the Peace Track Initiative (PTI) and the Women Solidarity Network. Our work focuses on supporting inclusive peacebuilding in Yemen and advocating for women’s rights.
My statement today will focus on the deterioration of women’s rights in Yemen. Women and girls are 49%[1] of the 18.2 million[2] people in need of humanitarian assistance,[3] and face food insecurity,[4] water shortages,[5] disease,[6] lack of access to basic life-saving services, such as health care and education, poverty and deprivation of economic opportunities, and systematic exclusion and suppression of their rights.
6.3 million[7] Yemeni women and girls are at heightened risk of gender-based violence, including domestic[8] and sexual violence,[9] and many have been forced to resort to extreme coping mechanisms, including forced and early marriage, with over 30% of girls married by the age of 18.[10] Women and girls from minorities and marginalized groups, including the Muhamasheen[11] and Baha’i,[12] are further disproportionately impacted. Muhamasheen women and girls are increasingly subjected to targeted attacks, including sexual violence, torture, and exploitation.[13]
Women’s human rights, particularly their freedom of movement, are heavily restricted by all the warring parties in Yemen.[14] The imposition of a mahram, dress codes, and restrictions on freedom of expression, especially in Houthi-controlled areas, impede women’s ability to work, including in the humanitarian sector, to access healthcare and education, and to participate in public life.
Yemeni women human rights defenders (WHRDs) and peacebuilders are often subjected to public defamation, online violence and threats to their safety.[15] In the past few years, PTI has supported over 150 WHRDs fleeing Houthi-controlled areas with protection support.
During this conflict, all parties[16] have carried out enforced disappearances and arbitrary arrests.[17] UN experts on Yemen have consistently documented[18] arbitrary detention, physical and mental torture, rape,[19] and forced confessions of women and girls, particularly in Houthi prisons,[20] with some detainees as young as 14 years old.[21] Local Yemeni women’s organizations have further documented brutal forms of sexual violence such as mutilation and forced abortion in detention.[22] Detainees have been kept incommunicado and, in some cases, in solitary confinement.[23] Women who have completed jail sentences are denied release without a male guardian,[24] and are deprived of their legal rights, including communication with lawyers and family members.
Releasing detained women must be a priority in all negotiations, as their suffering is often completely overlooked, compounded by violence, neglect, and societal shame.[25] Local women leaders and mediators’ efforts to support women detainees are curtailed by significant access and resource constraints. It is deeply concerning that no women are part of the Prisoners and Detainees Exchange Committees and that women are almost entirely excluded from the lists of those to be released[26].
Your Excellencies,
Yemeni civil society have documented detention of at least 3,600 individuals by the Houthis since 2017, often without legal proceedings, proper warrants, charges, or communication with their families. However, the recent Houthi crackdown since 31 May[27] targeting individuals[28] working for the UN, and international and national NGOs with arbitrary detention,[29] enforced disappearances,[30] and accusations of espionage[31] is unprecedented. The UN has documented arbitrary detention of at least 60 Yemeni civilians,[32] including six women, some with their children and spouses[33]—but we are concerned that the number is likely much higher. Further, support for these detainees’ families has been inadequate, with limited information, financial resources, and psychological support. UN and NGO staff who remain on the ground have been instructed to “carry on with business as usual,”[34] without proper safety measures, such as relocation support, placing them at further risk.
These blatant violations of international human rights and humanitarian law appear to be part of a broader strategy[35] to suppress the remaining civic and political space in Houthi-controlled territories, create significant fear, and threaten humanitarian operations in Yemen. Today, I am here to convey not only the gravity[36] of these violations, but also the profound disappointment felt by the majority of Yemenis regarding the tepid international response to these developments. We urge UN agencies and international organizations operating in Yemen to advocate far more strongly for the immediate and unconditional release[37] of the detainees and to do much more to publicly defend them from the Houthis’ unfounded allegations of espionage. Most importantly, I urge the international community to act decisively to protect humanitarian efforts in Yemen, which are so critical for the lives of millions of Yemenis. This includes setting clear red lines on actions regarding aid distribution and engagement with civil society, consistently upholding and demanding respect for international human rights and humanitarian law, and holding the Houthis accountable for their actions.
President, Excellencies,
Yemenis are exhausted by the ongoing conflict and desperately seek security, peace, and stability. Deep divisions and mistrust among Yemeni parties, compounded by external interference and attempts to pursue unilateral agreements, continue to impede a political resolution. Despite these challenges, there is hope for a breakthrough to resolve Yemen’s crisis. The Special Envoy’s efforts to advance negotiations towards an inter-Yemeni political process, while addressing urgent humanitarian and economic challenges, represent the most viable path to stability. Although consulting with diverse women representatives[38] is commendable, without the opportunity for women to meaningfully influence the UN-led peace process, these efforts may remain symbolic.
For the first time[39] in 24 years, there are no women[40] holding government positions, nor are they part of the Presidential Leadership Council (PLC).[41] Women are nominally represented by 10% of the Consultation and Reconciliation Committee (CRC), 14% of the Economic team, and 22% of the Legal team supporting the PLC as advisors.[42] They are also totally absent from the recently formed Presidential Committee to address the demands of the people of Hadhramaut.[43] Furthermore, women are completely absent from peace process negotiation committees, including those under UN auspices, such as the Committees on the Prisoners Exchange, Security and Military, and Taiz, despite multiple statements and resolutions by this esteemed Council calling for women’s meaningful participation.[44] Yemeni women leaders and civil society have worked to combat this exclusion by developing the Feminist Peace Roadmap.[45] Despite these efforts, and more than a decade after the adoption of a minimum 30% quota for women’s political participation during the National Dialogue Conference,[46] we remain sidelined.
Excellencies, I would like to conclude by calling on the Security Council to take the following actions:
- Urge all parties to establish a comprehensive, inclusive, just and sustainable peace that centers transitional justice and human rights. All negotiations must ensure the meaningful participation of women, youth, minorities, people with disabilities, marginalized groups, victims and survivors of rights abuses, human rights defenders and civil society. Women must be included in all decision-making processes, including mediation and ceasefire efforts, and in all UN-supported peace committees, starting with the implementation of the minimum 30% quota for women.
- Call on all parties to respect international humanitarian and human rights law, and ensure accountability for all crimes committed. I urge you to reject general immunities or selective justice.
- Demand that all parties respect the human rights of women, including by lifting restrictions on their movement, ending the targeting of women human rights defenders, and immediately ceasing all acts of gender-based violence.
- Condemn all threats to humanitarian workers and demand the immediate and unconditional release of all those who have been arbitrarily detained, including women, as well as all UN and NGO staff. Their human rights must be respected, and they must have access to their families and legal representatives, and receive comprehensive support.
Excellencies,
Yemen is in a state of limbo: neither at war nor at peace. Our decade-long suffering will echo through generations if the conflict persists. It is time for peace.
Thank you.
Photo: UN Photo/Eskinder Debebe
[1] OCHA, Yemen Humanitarian Needs Overview 2024, p. 4, January 2024, https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/yemen/yemen-humanitarian-needs-overview-2024-january-2024-enar.
[2] OCHA, “Yemen Humanitarian Response Plan 2024,” https://humanitarianaction.info/plan/1193.
[3] ACAPS, “Yemen: Bimonthly update on food and nutrition security crisis risks – Issue 4,” 5 August 2024, https://www.acaps.org/en/countries/archives/detail/yemen-bimonthly-update-on-food-and-nutrition-security-crisis-risks-issue-4.
[4] WFP, “Yemen,” accessed 9 September 2024, https://www.wfp.org/countries/yemen.
[5] Human Rights Watch, “‘Death is More Merciful Than This Life’: Houthi and Yemeni Government Violations of the Right to Water in Taizz,” 11 December 2023, https://www.hrw.org/report/2023/12/11/death-more-merciful-life/houthi-and-yemeni-government-violations-right-water.
[6] HRW, “Yemen: Houthis Obstructing Aid, Exacerbating Cholera,” 7 August 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/07/yemen-houthis-obstructing-aid-exacerbating-cholera; IOM, “Acute Diarrhea and Cholera Outbreak in Yemen Exacerbated by Decade of Conflict – IOM Warns,” 21 June 2024, https://www.iom.int/news/acute-diarrhea-and-cholera-outbreak-yemen-exacerbated-decade-conflict-iom-warns.
[7] UNFPA, “2024 UNFPA Humanitarian Response in Yemen,” 31 March 2024, https://arabstates.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/f44c309a-33d2-4554-a94e-b4e97b70c253.pdf.
[8] ACAPS, “Yemen: Selected drivers of the current conflict and their impact on women, men, girls, and boys,” 2 February 2024, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20240202_ACAPS_Yemen_analysis_hub_conflict_drivers_and_gendered_impact.pdf.
[9] ACAPS, “Yemen: Understanding the cycle of gender-based violence,” 23 November 2023, https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20231123_ACAPS_Yemen_analysis_hub_understanding_the_cycle_of_gender-based_violence.pdf.
[10] OCHA, “Humanitarian Needs Overview 2024 – Yemen,” p. 15, January 2024, https://yemen.un.org/sites/default/files/remote-resources/4260055149d0ab3205763076e64343f0.pdf.
[11] UNFPA, “Research study on assessing safety and protection needs of Muhamasheen women and girls in Al Hudaydah, Yemen,” April 2024, https://yemen.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/unfpa_yemen_-_muhamasheen_study_report_in_al_hudaydah_-_final.pdf.
[12] Amnesty International, “Yemen: One year on, Houthis must release Baha’is arbitrarily detained over their religion and end persecution of minorities,” 23 May 2024, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/05/yemen-one-year-on-huthis-must-release-bahais-arbitrarily-detained-over-their-religion-and-end-persecution-of-minorities/.
[13] UNFPA, “Research study on assessing safety and protection needs of Muhamasheen women and girls in Al Hudaydah, Yemen.”
[14] Human Rights Watch, “Yemen: Warring Parties Restrict Women’s Movement,” 4 March 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/04/yemen-warring-parties-restrict-womens-movement.
[15] Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen, S/2023/833, 2 November 2023, https://undocs.org/en/S/2023/833.
[16] Human Rights Watch, “World Report 2024: Yemen,” accessed 6 September 2024, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/yemen.
[17] “Detained Under Houthis, 2022,” 8 March 2024, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k_fVuDWNmIw; Abductees Mothers Association, “Impacts of Enforced Disappearance and Arbitrary Detention on Women and Children in Yemen,” 24 March 2024, https://ama-ye.org/impacts-of-enforced-disappearance-and-arbitrarydetention-on-women-and-chidren-in-yemen/.
[18] Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen, S/2023/833, pp. 30-32; Detailed findings of the Group of Eminent International and Regional Experts on Yemen, A/HRC/45/CRP.7, pp. 47-49, 29 September 2020 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/GEE-Yemen/A-HRC-45-CRP.7-en.pdf.
[19] Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen, S/2023/833, para. 126.
[20] Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen, S/2023/130, paras. 99-102, 21 February 2023, https://undocs.org/s/2023/130.
[21] Women for Peace in Yemen, “‘They Took Everything From Me’: A report documenting the conditions of women detained by Ansar Allah (Houthis) in Yemen,” p. 26, July 2024, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1zLwGU0zoSLvBi5eXaVyh3RCoKBvqMMtQ/view.
[22] Ibid.
[23] Al Jazeera, “Yemeni detainees recount torture after release in prisoner swap,” 26 April 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/26/yemeni-detainees-recount-torture-after-release-in-prisoner-swap.
[24] Amnesty International, “Yemen: End the male guardianship restriction for releasing women from prisons,” 25 January 2023, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/01/yemen-end-the-male-guardianship-restriction-for-releasing-women-from-prisons/.
[25] See Final report of the Panel of Experts on Yemen, S/2022/50, p.4, 26 January 2022, https://undocs.org/en/S/2022/50.
[26] One woman was released from the Houthi side. See Al Jazeera, “Yemen rebels and government complete prisoner exchange,” 16 April 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/yemen-rebels-and-government-complete-prisoner-exchange.
[27] Briefing by the UN Special Envoy for Yemen, Hans Grundberg, to the Security Council, 15 August 2024, https://osesgy.unmissions.org/briefing-un-special-envoy-yemen-hans-grundberg-security-council-4.
[28] Women Solidarity Network, “Statement by the Women’s Solidarity Network Regarding the Recent Arrests of Human Rights Defenders and Workers,” 13 June 2024, https://www.womensolidaritynetwork.org/news-statements-en/statement-by-the-womens-solidarity-network-regarding-the-recent-arrests-of-human-rights-defenders-and-workers.
[29] Samantha Power on X (formerly Twitter), 19 August 2024, https://x.com/PowerUSAID/status/1825603127590183275; see also Yemen Embassy Vienna on X (formerly Twitter), 19 August 2024, https://x.com/ViennaYemen/status/1825427620361650538.
[30] Human Rights Watch, “Yemen: Houthis Disappear Dozens of UN, Civil Society Staff,” 26 June 2024, https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/06/26/yemen-houthis-disappear-dozens-un-civil-society-staff.
[31] Human Rights Watch, “Yemen: Houthis Disappear Dozens of UN, Civil Society Staff.”
[32] UN News, “Guterres demands immediate release of UN staff and others detained in Yemen ,” 19 August 2024, https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/08/1153341.
[33] Human Rights Watch, “Yemen: Houthis Disappear Dozens of UN, Civil Society Staff.”
[34] Ibid.
[35] Amnesty International, “Yemen: Huthi authorities must immediately release arbitrarily detained staff from UN and civil society organizations,” 4 July 2024: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/07/yemen-huthi-authorities-must-immediately-release-arbitrarily-detained-staff-from-un-and-civil-society-organizations/.
[36] OHCHR, “Storming of UN Human Rights office in Sana’a,” 13 August 2024, https://www.unognewsroom.org/story/en/2287/ohchr-storming-of-un-human-rights-office-in-sana-a.
[37] Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies, “The Houthi Crackdown on Yemeni Voices and Civil Society: Silence is Not an Option,” 2 July 2024, https://sanaacenter.org/the-yemen-review/april-june-2024/22867.
[38] Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen, “Advancing inclusive peace in Yemen through a bottom-up approach,” 28 July 2024, https://osesgy.unmissions.org/advancing-inclusive-peace-yemen-through-bottom-approach.
[39] Daily Sabah, “New Yemeni government excludes women for 1st time in 20 years,” 19 December 2020, https://www.dailysabah.com/world/mid-east/new-yemeni-government-excludes-women-for-1st-time-in-20-years.
[40] Council of Ministers – Yemen, accessed 23 August 2024, https://pmo-ye.net/post/195.
[41] Office of President Dr. Rashad Al-Alimi, “A presidential announcement for transferring powers to a presidential leadership council,” 7 April 2022, https://presidentalalimi.net/en/news42.html.
[42] These figures are based on Peace Track Initiative’s analysis of publicly available information regarding women’s participation.
[43] Southern Yemen, “Forming a presidential committee to discuss the demands of the people of Hadhramaut,” 21 August 2024, https://southern-yemen.net/6405.
[44] Security Council Resolutions from 1994-2022 including 2643 (2022), 2624 (2022), 2586 (2021), 2565 (2021), 2481 (2019), 2342 (2017), 2051 (2012), and 924 (1994). See full list in Peace Track Initiative, “Yemen Feminist Peace Roadmap,” Annex 2, March 2023, https://peacetrackinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Rodamap-udated-1.pdf#page=30.
[45] Peace Track Initiative, “Yemen Feminist Peace Roadmap,” accessed 9 September 2024, https://peacetrackinitiative.org/feminist-peace-roadmap/.
[46] Office of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General for Yemen, “Outcomes of the National Dialogue Conference,” 2014, https://osesgy.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/7-national_dialogue_conference.pdf.